Python syntax is specially designed for code reliability. It eliminates the use of semicolons after the end of a statement and curly braces to delimit the code blocks. Instead, it leverages indentation, i.e., spaces, to define the scope of functions, loops, and classes. 

Indentation implies spaces at the beginning of a code statement. It is advisable to use whitespaces rather than tabs. Also, it indicates a block of code. 
Python comments make code more readable and begin with ‘#’. There is no syntax for multi-line comments. 

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1. Python indentation 

A Variable is any name assigned to a memory location or a container to store a data value. There is no command in Python to declare a variable. 
A data type in Python represents the type of value you assign to a variable. There is no need to define the data type of a variable. 

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1. Python data types
2. Python Variables

Type casting is a process of converting the data type of variable into another desired data type. Python supports implicit and explicit type casting.
While implicit type casting takes place automatically, explicit type casting requires user involvement. 

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1. Python Type Conversion and Type Casting
    

Operators in Python are used to perform operations on variables. Python supports Arithmetic operators, assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, identity operators, membership operators, and bitwise operators. 

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1. Python operators

Conditional statements or decision-making statements in Python are used to execute a specific block of code if the specified condition evaluates to true. Python comes with if, if-else, elif, nest if-else, and switch-case conditional statements. 

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1. Python conditional statements

Python loops are used to execute a particular block of code a given number of times. Three types of loops supported by Python are for loop, while loop, and do-while loop.
A Python iterator is an object that navigates through all the values within the iterable objects, such as lists, dictionaries, tuples, and sets. 
 

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1. Python for loop
2. Python while loop
3. Python Looping techniques

A list stores a sequence of items with different data types in a single variable. Each item or element in a list has an index through which it can be accessed. However, the index starts from 0, i.e., the first element in a list has an index 0. All the elements of a list are enclosed within square brackets. 
 

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Python List

Python List Methods

A tuple is analogous to a list. The only difference is that elements cannot be changed once entered in a tuple. However, if data inside the tuple is mutable, it can be changed. The elements of a tuple are enclosed within parentheses. 

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Python Tuple

A dictionary stores data in the form of a key-value pair. It is an ordered collection of data whose data is changeable and does not allow duplicates. Key-value pairs are enclosed within curly brackets. 
 

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Python Dictionary 

A set in Python is a collection of unique unordered elements. If the data is entered twice in a set, it only takes it once. It is analogous to sets in arithmetic. In addition, items in a set are enclosed within curly braces. 
 

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Python Set

Booleans in Python represents one of the two values, i.e., either True or False. The primary purpose of Booleans is to represent the truth value of an expression. There is a bool() method that takes any value and returns the boolean value. 

Slicing is the process of extracting a part of a string, tuple, or list in Python. It lets users access a specific range of items by using their indexes. 
 

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Python List,tuple,and string slicing

Python comes with an array of built-in functions that are readily available for use. These functions have their functionality pre-defined in Python.  

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Python Functions

Often called user-defined functions, custom functions are created by users to accomplish a specific task and are not predefined like built-in functions. To declare a function, Python provides the ‘def’ keyword. 

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Python Functions

A lambda function in Python is any small anonymous function. It is a function without a name. It is defined using the ‘lambda’ keyword. In addition, it can have multiple arguments but only one expression. 

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Python Labmda

Decorators in Python are used to add new functionality to an existing code. It is often referred to as metaprogramming as one part of the code modifies the other during the compile time. 
 

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Python Lambda

Python closures are simply the inner functions enclosed within the outer function. They can access the variables present in the scope of the outer function, even if it completes its execution. 

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Python Closures

Python generators are a simple approach to creating iterators. In general, a generator is a type of function that does not return any value. Instead, it returns an iterable object.
 

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Python Generators

A class is a collection of objects, where an object is any real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object can be anything, such as a chair, table, mouse, keyboard, pen, etc. 
 

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Python Class and Objects

Inheritance refers to the ability of a class to inherit or derive the properties of another class. The class that derives the properties is the child class, and the class from which properties are inherited is the parent class. 

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Python Inheritance

Polymorphism simply refers to multiple forms. In Python, polymorphism refers to the idea that methods in the child class have the same name as the methods in the parent class. 
 

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Python Polymorphism

Encapsulation is basically data hiding. It binds data and methods working with that data in a single unit. It restricts accessing variables and methods directly to prevent fortuitous changes to data. 
 

Data abstraction allows hiding unnecessary code details from the users. Also, it lets programmers hide the sensitive segments of the code implementation. In Python, it is achieved by creating abstract classes. 
 

Methods in Python are the reusable blocks of code defined inside a class. Python offers three types of methods: Instance Method, Class Method, and Static Method
Dunder methods or magic methods in Python begin and end with double underscores. 

A module in Python is a simple file with the .py extension containing a set of functions and global variables. 
A package in Python is a simple directory, which is a collection of multiple modules. Along with modules, it also contains the __init()__.py file. Basically, a package is a namespace. 
 

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Python Module

Python Packages

pip stands for Package Installer for Python, which is a de-facto system for installing and managing software packages in Python. 
PyPI is an acronym for Python Package Index, which helps you find and install software developed and shared by the Python community. 

To import a package in a Python program, use the ‘import’ keyword followed by the package name. However, to import a specific module from the package, use the dot (.) operator followed by the module name after the package name. 

Python offers the read() and write() methods to read and write files. The read() method reads a string from an open file, while the write() method writes a string to an open file.

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Python File I/O
 

A directory often referred to as a folder, is a collection of files and subdirectories. Python comes with the ‘os’ module to provide us with useful methods to work with directories. 

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Python File Management

As there are built-in exceptions in Python, it provides developers with the ability to create custom exceptions. To do so, create a new class (Exception class) and derive it from the built-in ‘Exception’ class either directly or indirectly.

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Python Exception Handling

Linux commands are categorized into various types, such as informational commands, management commands, file and directory commands, and many more. Practice these commands and gain hands-on experience. 
 

Git comes with a command-line tool and various commands to make it easy for developers to work on local and remote repositories. Learning these commands offers great benefits to developers in managing their projects. 
 

A good GitHub profile actually impresses employers. Having a GitHub profile on your resume results in better chances of job opportunities. So, learning the working of GitHub can help you stand out from the crowd. 
 

Web scraping is an automatic technique for retrieving large amounts of data from websites. Python makes web scraping a very easy and simple task with its libraries, such as Pandas and BeautifulSoup. 
 

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What is Web Scraping

Courses:

Web Scraping in Python With BeautifulSoup and Selenium 2022

Modern Web Scraping with Python using Scrapy Splash Selenium

Web Scraping for Data Science-Python: BS4, Selenium & Scrapy
 

Scripting is the act of giving instructions to computer systems that do not require compilation. Python is one of the best scripting languages helping developers create web applications and robust games. 
 

Python excels in web development. A lot of Python-based web frameworks are available out there, such as Django, Flask, CherryPy, Pyramid, web2py, etc., that facilitate the development of web projects. 

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What is Django

What is Flask

What is CherryPy

What is Pyramid

What is web2py

Courses:

Python and Django Full Stack Web Developer Bootcamp

Python and Flask Bootcamp: Create Websites using Flask!
 

With the availability of a wide range of tools and libraries, Python has made its place in ethical hacking. Being able to develop small scripts in Python with a simple syntax, ethical hackers mostly prefer this language. 
 

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What is Ethical Hacking

Courses:

Learn Python & Ethical Hacking From Scratch

Protect yourself from hackers & cyberattacks. Learn penetration testing + build security and coding tools with Python.

The Complete Python Hacking Course: Beginner to Advanced!

Python excellently shines in data science as it comes with a plethora of libraries, including Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib, that accelerates the development of various data science applications and projects. 
 

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Data Science for Python

Courses:

The Data Science Course 2022: Complete Data Science Bootcamp

Python for Data Science and Machine Learning Bootcamp

2022 Python for Machine Learning & Data Science Masterclass

 

Python’s code readability and simplicity enable developers to create complex and reliable AI and ML systems with ease. Also, a galore of libraries and frameworks, such as TensorFlow, Scikit-Learn, SciPy, Seaborn, etc., reduced the development time. 

Courses:

Machine Learning, Data Science and Deep Learning with Python

Mathematical Foundation For Machine Learning and AI